Legal Ethics Healthcare Essay

The legal concept of vicarious liability and the Doctrine of Respondeat Superior occurs when the employee commits a tort or civil wrong within the scope of employment and the employer is held liable although the master may have done nothing wrong( Regan 2002). Physicians and other healthcare providers need to be aware of this doctrine in the supervision of their staff and their day-to-day medical practice. The legal relationship between an employer and an employee is called agency. The employer is called the principal when engaging someone to act for him. The person who does the work for the employer is called the agent. The theory behind respondeat superior is that the principal controls the agent’s behavior and must then assume some responsibility for the agent’s actions (Phelps & Lehman 2005). Most medical malpractice suits are filed as result of negligence (ie, a type of tort or civil wrong) – Negligence is defined by what a reasonably prudent person would or would not do in the same or similar circumstance. Negligence can result from the individual medical provider or from some type of agency relationship that exists between two or more health care providers. In general, when we discuss the relationship between agency and malpractice, we refer to the concept of vicarious liability and the Doctrine of Respondeat Superior ( Columbia 2000). In the context of medical malpractice a negligence action is often precipitated by a bad outcome. Numerous cases have involved the concept of vicarious liability and the Doctrine of Respondeat Superior as a successful cause of a medically negligent action. Recent changes in the health care system may contribute to additional causes of action being recognized. As managed care has moved to the forefront of health care, many medical providers have left independent practice and become employees of large health care organizations (HMOs) or hospitals. Some medical providers have formed their own business with health care extenders who perform many of the services previously provided by the medical provider. As a result, HMOs and hospitals have become employers of medical providers, and medical providers have become employers of their health care extenders (Regan 2002). In the past, the relationship with the patient and extensive documentation in the medical record were the most important elements in preventing malpractice litigation. These efforts, while important, may have less of an effect in the evolving health care climate. With these changes, principles of agency and vicarious liability may become increasingly important in evaluating malpractice liability. Both the negligence of a health care employee employed by an individual medical provider and the negligence of an individual medical provider employed by a health care company have given rise to successful malpractice suits. The Doctrine of Respondeat Superior is one to weigh carefully by both plaintiffs and defendants in their current practice of law and medicine. References: Malpractice. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2000. http://kids.infoplease.lycos.com/ipd/A0401963.html Raines v Mercer, 55 5W2d 263, 264 (Tenn 1932) Regan, J. , & Regan, W. (2002, May). Medical malpractice and respondeat superior. (Review Articles). Southern Medical Journal, 95(5), 545-549. Retrieved January 23, 2013, from Nursing and Allied Health Collection via Gale: http://find.galegroup.com.proxy.davenport.edu/nrcx/start.do?prodId=NRC Respondeat Superior. (2005). In S. Phelps & J. Lehman (Eds.), West’s Encyclopedia of American Law (2nd ed., Vol. 8, pp. 334-336). Detroit: Gale. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.davenport.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3437703788&v=2.1&u=lom_davenportc&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w

Julius Ceasar Expository Essay

-intoduction Brutus and Cassius, is there a diffrence, or are they the same? In the drama Julius Caesar, Caesar is the ruler of Rome. A lot of the Romans do not like Caesar, but they respect him as ruler, except for a a hand full who are planning to kill Caesar. This group of people are called the conspirasors -Comparison Both Brutus and Cassius greatly love Rome and care deeply for the Republic.Cassius`s love of Rome stems more from a love of what his country has to offer him personally, but he is deeply patriotic and genuinely upset that â€Å"these wide walls encompass but one man. † After all, Cassius is describes as Titinius as â€Å"the last of all the Romans. † Both Brutus and Cassius, alternate between a belief in fate and a conviction that they possess free will. Cassius says â€Å"the fault†¦ lies not in our stars but in ourselves that we are underlings. † Later, however, he rejects this claim saying that he no longer â€Å"holds Epicurus strong. Brutus says â€Å"There is a tide in the affairs of men, which, taken at the flood, leads on to victory,† but his encounter with Caesar's ghost makes him doubt this belief. -Differences Brutus is actually friends with Caesar and highly respects him and what he does. Brutus is honorable and is pretty much friends with everyone. Cassius is good at manipulating people, and he is not fond of Caesar. He does not want Caesar to have all the power that he has now. He will do whatever he has to in order to make Caesar to stand down.

Human Resource Officer Essay

This module is based around the job of a Human Resource Officer for a chain of outlets called Top Gear. To research this job, I will be looking at what sort of things it entails such as the process of recruitment and job interviews. I will also be interviewing an every day personnel manager to research what he does in his job, how he advertises available job positions and how he goes about selecting the right person for the job. I will look at why jobs become available within a company and the adverts a company produces to advertise the job. This project also involves how you are motivated to work and why companies use these methods for their workers. Recruitment Jobs can become available in a company such as ‘Top Gear’, for lot of different reasons. Some of these reasons are: * A member of staff retires. * A member of staff is fired. * If a member of staff becomes pregnant. * A member of staff gets promoted leaving their old position empty. * Someone leaves for a job elsewhere. * The company expands needing extra workers. * It could be a completely new job for a firm which is newly established and has just started to recruit staff. * If a member of staff becomes ill. * If someone’s contract expires. * Demotion Application Form Application forms are sent out so that people interested in the job can fill it in and then the employers will have the applicants information. This is good because they can then read the forms and decide who sounds like they would be good in the job and then give them an interview, rather than interviewing every single person that applies. Why are Job Descriptions and Person Specifications sent out to Prospective Employees? Job Description A job description is sent out so that people can see what the job entails. This is good because then people who are not suited to the job, and who don’t like the sort of work the job involves can decide whether to apply or not. This saves time as it stops people from applying and then deciding the job is not for them after all. Person Specification So that the applicant knows what sort of person the company are looking for and what sort of qualities you need in the job. These are sent out to save the company time, if an applicant looks like they fit the person specification then they will get an interview. Also, it could stop the wrong sort of person applying as the person specification tells them what sort of attitude they need and how much responsibility they must have. Advertising There are many places a position for a job, like one that was available at Top Gear, could be advertised. Some of these places are: * A local newspaper. (e.g. The Ilkeston Advertiser) The advantages of this are, if people are looking for a job then they are likely to look at a local paper in the job column. A disadvantage of this is that it may be expensive. * A free newspaper. ( e.g. The Trader) Advantages of this are that lots of people receive this paper through their doors as it is free. The disadvantages are that people wont necessarily look in a free paper for a job and also that it costs money to place an advert. * The Internet. ( On the company website) The advantages of this is that lots of people will see the advert but many might not unless they visited the company website regularly. It is also free to write an advert for the job on the website. * At the local job centre. Advantages of this is that it is free and also that a lot of people will see the advert because people looking for a job go to the job centre to find one. The disadvantages of this is that you may get too many people applying for the job. * On the Radio. The advantages of having an advert for the job on the radio are that lots of people will hear it. But the disadvantages are that it is expensive to put an advert on the radio. * On the shop premises. Advantages of putting an advert in the outlet window are that it is free and anyone passing will see it. Also, is people see your advert while inside the outlet then they will be the sort of person you want to employ because they will be the type of person right for the job. * Word of Mouth. Advantages are that it is free. Disadvantages are that people may get the wrong information as news being passed on by word of mouth gets changed as it is passed on. * Company magazine.People may look in this to see if there are any jobs available but it is hard to get hold of a company magazine if you do not already work, or know somebody working within the company. Top Gear are most likely to use the shop premises as a form of advertisement for an open position. This way, the people who apply will only be people who are interested in the type of product Top Gear sells. The Human Resource Officer would choose the people with the best application forms. They would also consider choosing people who had had past experience in a job of the same type. They must be the in the right age group and have good qualifications. Another important factor is that they fit the person specification and match the job description. The Human Resource Officer would only write letters to those who managed to get an interview. It would take too much time to write letters to everyone who had applied for the job and would be a waste of money, buying all the stamps and paying for postage. If the applicants didn’t hear from the company then they should assume that they were not successful and that they hadn’t got an interview, this means that there isn’t really any need to contact them. Letter To An Applicant That Has Gained An Interview. Dear Applicant, Thank you for your application form for the job of Shop Assistant within our Top Gear Outlet. We are pleased to inform you that your application has been successful and that you have gained an interview. This interview will take place at Top Gear on Monday 21st February at 10 o’clock. We look forward to seeing you then. Yours Faithfully, Lucy Howard Human Resource Officer Top Gear Interveiwing At the interview I would ask a number of questions to find out whether the applicant is suitable for the job. I would ask questions on a range of different subject like what hobbies the applicant has, what sort of past experience they have gained and what qualities they would bring to the job. I would ask mostly open-questions which would make it easy for the applicant to give long detailed answers and tell me as much about themselves as possible. If I chose all closed-questions to ask in the interview that could all be answered with one word answers, then I would learn hardly anything about the applicant and whether they were suitable for the job or not. I questions I choose to ask will have to be the ones that are going to tell me the most about the applicant and whether they are going to be right for the job or not. Some questions I could ask at an interview for a new sales person at Top Gear are: * Why do you think you should be the one hired for this job? * What experience have you had where you had to work with people? * What sort of things do you enjoy doing outside of work? * What qualities have you got that will make you a better person for the job than anyone else? * What do you understand to be the key responsibilities in this job? * How will your past experience equip you for this role? An Interview With a Real Human Resource Officer We decided to interview for this project, the personnel manager of McDonalds to find out what their job involved and how they went about recruiting new members of staff. 1) When you have a job placement available, how and where do you advertise it? We don’t use the job centre as the people they send tend to be desperate for any sort of job and not all that interested in what the job entails, just in the money they will be earning. We have a sign in the shop which attracts people to apply and is a good idea as if people come to eat in our shop, they are already interested in what happens in McDonalds. Jobs are also heard about through word of mouth as we often employ young people who need a job after just leaving school. 2)When sending out application forms, do you send person specifications and job description with it? No, we don’t send either of those things with an application form. When someone applies for the job, I talk to them myself as the personnel manager to make sure they understand what the job entails and what McDonalds needs in its staff. 3)How do you decide who to interview out of the applicants, and how many people get an interview.? Only about one in every ten people who apply for a job at McDonalds actually get an interview. A good application form will be neat and organised. McDonalds does not require any select qualifications to work there, but you should have at least a D grade at GCSE in Maths and English. People who work in McDonalds need to have good literacy skills. 4)What sort of questions do you ask in an interview? The best question to ask someone in an interview is â€Å"what do you know already about McDonalds?† because you can tell how much the person wants the job by how much research they have bothered to do. Another question asked in an interview is â€Å"what would you change about McDonalds?† because the staff are constantly changing things at McDonalds to suit customers needs. The questions asked are to test and see how well a person gets on with new people, how quickly they learn and their willingness to work hard. 5)How long do the interviews last? The interviews do not last very long, only about 20 minutes. In this time, you can already get a good idea of what a person is like and whether they will fit into the job well or not. 6)How do you finally decide who gets the job, what qualities do you look for in a worker? There is no special scoring system to decide who gets the job in the end. The main reason for choosing a person for the job is gut feeling about whether they will be right or not. Things that McDonalds are looking for in workers are respectable looking, bubbly, cheerful, easy to get along with, punctual and polite. From this interview I have learnt that not every personnel manager handles recruitment in the same way. It depends on the surroundings and where they are working. The personnel manager in McDonalds hired people mainly on gut feeling about whether they were right or not, which would not be an appropriate method of choosing for a big company like a bank. A Score Sheet That Would Help Me Select The Most Suitable Applicant. During the interview, I would use a score sheet to help me decide which applicants are good. The score sheets would have different areas and I would mark the applicants out of ten for how well they perform in all the different areas. If an applicant scores very low on the score sheet then they are obviously not right for the job position and not what the company is looking for. The person who scores highest on the score sheet will not necessarily be the one who gets hired for the job, but a score sheet will still give you a good idea of who is better than the other applicants. Here is a score sheet that could be used in an interview for a sales person at Top Gear: Applicant 1 Applicant 2 Applicant 3 Applicant 4 Appearance Confidence Friendliness Response to Questions asked Did they speak clearly? Good humoured? Are their answers relevant? Ease Choosing Who to Employ From the Score Sheet This score sheet is only to mark the applicants on how well they perform in the interview. It does not mark them on their qualifications or past experience in this sort of job. I would use these areas to see how friendly the applicant is with new people and how confident they are, because if they aren’t friendly or confident around the interviewer then they won’t be the right person to be working in a shop. The kind of person Top Gear would want to be working in their outlet would be someone who is friendly and polite to everyone and someone who does not lose their temper easily. Attitude is very important to an employer but so its past experience and qualifications. To the applicants that did not get the position at Top Gear, I would send a letter letting them know and maybe a voucher for the store as a sort of conciliation and to make them think that Top Gear is a worthwhile company so they would maybe apply for another position and still shop in the shop. For the 5 or 6 people who have been unsuccessful in their interview I would send a letter like this: Dear Miss Bromby, Thank you for applying and attending an interview for the position of Store Assistant at our Top Gear outlet. I am sorry to inform you that you were not successful this time. We have included a voucher for our store with this letter, as a thank you for your time and co-operation in the selection process. Yours sincerely, Lucy Howard Human Resource Officer at Top Gear For the applicant who was successful and gained the job at Top gear I would send a letter like this: Dear Miss Bromby, Thank you for applying for the job of Store Assistant at our Top Gear outlet. I am very pleased to inform you that you have gained the position and we would like you to start work next week starting the 25th of August. Other details and training will be sorted out on your first day. If you have any queries before then, you can phone (0115) 8547651 and we will sort out any worries that you may have. See you next week! Yours Sincerely, Lucy Howard Human Resource Officer at Top Gear Companies train their staff because a well-trained group of employees will be more productive as they are better at there jobs. They might also be more motivated because they enjoy the feeling that they are good at there jobs. There are three different types of training induction, off-the-job and on-the-job. Induction training is for new staff within a company. Both the employer and the employee can benefit from this type of training. The employer would want the training scheme to include: * Training on the tills, so that the new employee would understand how to take payment in the form of cheques/ credit cards/ debit cards/ cash/ gift vouchers. * Customer relations. Teaching the employee to handle difficult customers * Company History/ image. Trying to make the employee feel part of the family as it might make them work better. * The employee would be hoping that from the induction training they would learn: * The terms of their payment, when and how they will be getting paid. * What they must wear for their job. Whether there is a specific dress code or uniform. * What sort of discount their new job entitles them to. * The arrangement of breaks and lunchtimes. Also when they can have holidays and how long they can take off work for them. * Answers to any queries they might have about the job. Such as what they must do when they are ill. * What happens in the dismissal procedure. A Schedule For an Induction Training Day at Top Gear. Time Activity 10:00-11:00am Speech about company history 11:00-12:00pm Practical learning about working the tills 12:00-1:00pm Break 1:00-2:00pm Role plays about coping with difficult customers 2:00-2:30pm Answers to questions and queries In my induction day, I have included practical work as well as theory because listening to someone talking all day is boring and does not give you real practise or confidence in your new job. I have made my day useful for employers and employees. On-The-Job Training On the job training is mainly used for new employees who are unsure of what to do in their job. It usually involves a new employee staying with a more experienced worker within the company and watching them closely to see what they do. After watching for about a week, then the new employees would feel like they are ready to do the jobs themselves. This sort of training is mainly practical. Advantages of this sort of training to an employer is that it does not cost anything as the new staff would be training on the company premises and also the new staff would learn quickly and be able to put what they have learnt into practise straight away. Advantages of this type of training to an employee are that they don’t have to sit around listening and being told what they must do, they are able to learn by watching someone else. Another advantage is that if they have any queries about anything, the more experienced worker helping them would be able to tell them the answer to their problem. Disadvantages of this sort of training are that if the experienced worker has bad habits then the new employee may pick them up as well. Off-The-Job Training This is where any of the employees in a company go away on a course. This type of training is mainly theory work. This type of training can also involve things like day release where an employee goes to work some days during the week and college others, but is still getting paid for the days they aren’t working. Advantages of this sort of training for the employer are that, there staff can become a lot more experienced and know a lot more about their job after just a one-day course. Advantages of this sort of training for an employee are that they can become more confident within their job and understand a lot more about it from a course. They can also meet new people with similar jobs to theirs. A disadvantage of this sort of training is the fact that it costs the company money to send staff out on a course. Sometimes there is the cost of travel as a course may be quite far away. A problem with this sort of training for an employer is that sending staff out could leave them short staffed at the company. An Advert for a job opening at Top Gear! How an Applicant Should Prepare for an Interview: * Make sure that they look smart and presentable. No company is looking to hire someone who does not care about what they look like. * Look up some information about the company where they are having the interview as to impress the interviewer with their knowledge. * Prepare some sample questions so they are ready to answer anything the interviewer asks them. Some of these sample questions could be: * What sort of hobbies do you have and what do you like doing in your spare time? * What sort of past experience do you have and which of your qualities will most help you in this job? * What do you know about the Top Gear company? For these sample questions, the applicant should prepare an answer that will impress the interviewer and make them think that they are the best for the job. This will help the applicant during their interview as knowing what to say will make them come across as confident and friendly. How to Behave in an Interview In an Interview the interviewee should act relaxed and confident they should smile and be polite to the interviewer. The interviewer is also looking for the way you act and your body language as it tells them a lot about the sort of person you are. You shouldn’t be shy or too over the top. Methods of Training If I worked at Top Gear I would use the induction day as a method of training. I would choose this because the employee would only need one day off and would learn everything they need. They wouldn’t pick up any bad habits as they would be learning everything from new and not copying off someone who has already been in the job a while. They would get to practice new skills during practical sessions during the day and still learn about the history of the company and get to know other employee’s as well. Communication Systems in use at Top Gear Top Gear would use different methods of communication internally and externally. If communication in a business is poor then poor decisions are made and customers and suppliers will lose confidence in the company. A company such as Top Gear would be likely to use methods of communication such as these below, but all of them have advantages and disadvantages so they might only use certain ones. Companies would use written methods of communication such as notice boards, memos and reports. These are mainly used internally. Externally they would use letters, e-mails and faxes. Advantages of this are that there is a permanent record of the message if it is needed and copies can be seen by lots of people. Disadvantages of these are that it can be hard to get feedback and sometimes people cant understand what is written. Verbal methods such as telephone calls, conversations or meetings can be used as a form of communication. A disadvantage of this is that there is no record of it so people can forget the information. Visual methods can be used such as films, posters, diagrams and charts. These are good because complicated information can be summarised and visual things communicate feelings better than words. Motivation There are three main motivation theories. They all explain what managers need to do if they want to motivate their workers to perform their best. Two of these theories are: 1) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow believed that all people are motivated by the same things. The three lower needs at the bottom of the pyramid have to be achieved before the two higher things can be met. The things on this pyramid starting with the ones at the bottom are: * Physical Survival People need food, water, shelter, clothing and warmth. These should be met by a basic wage. * Safety People want to feel safe and secure from harm. Managers should give their workers job security. * Love and Belonging People enjoy the company of others. Managers should encourage team work and social contact. * Self-esteem People want to feel valued by others. Managers should praise and encourage and give financial rewards for good performance. * Self-Actualisation People want to feel they are achieving something. Managers should help staff set and reach their own personal targets. 2) Herzberg’s Hygiene Factors Herzberg’s ideas are much more straightforward than Maslow’s. Herzberg believed that all the needs of workers can be put into two groups. 1) Hygiene Factors. Are the things a business has to provide to keep workers contented. These include clean, quiet and safe working conditions as well as adequate rest breaks. 2) Motivating factors Are the things that will encourage workers to do their best, like praise from managers, career advancement for good workers and more responsibility. Motivation at Top Gear I would use mainly Herzberg’s theory if I were manager at Top Gear. I think that giving staff the right conditions to work in will help them get a better job done. Telling employee’s that they are doing well will make them happy and willing to do more of the same. Employee’s who have been consistently good would be promoted. Seeing a fellow member of staff being promoted may cause others to work for a promotion as well. I would try and make staff feel happy and secure in their job as it would make them like coming to work and enjoy what they are doing more.

The Go Between and Spies

â€Å"THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN THE GO-BETWEEN AND SPIES ARE SOCIALLY OPRRESSED ARE SOCIALLY OPPRESSSED† How far do you agree with this statement? Social Oppression is a main theme explored throughout the two tragic novels, The Go-Between and Spies. Throughout the novels, L. P. Hartley and Michael Frayn successfully convey the idea, through the use of their main characters, the effects of social oppression and class divide. Using many techniques they show how class and oppression had power over the people of the Victorian era.And even after the turn of the century, People were still trapped in the shadows of the past era. Both novels are told as flashbacks taking us through the lives of two main protagonists. The climax of both novels lead to the death of two male characters due to oppression. This gives us the idea that men were under greater pressure from social oppression. Considering, Marian and Ted are caught together ‘two bodies moving like one' in the squalid outhous e but yet only Ted takes his life. Leo, being‘acutely aware of social inferiority’ swings to the extreme opposite as he aspires to be a member of the hall.Leo, ‘a foreigner in the world of emotions’, a character so imaginative and sensitive gets invited into the world of Brandham hall in the summer of 1900. With Marcus thinking he was like them from the sophisticated sound of his home ‘Court Place’. He sees himself as lower class and a mere mortal among gods and goddesses. He characterises the members of the hall as figures of the zodiac. Marian is the ‘virgin of the zodiac’ ‘pure and innocent'. To him she is ‘the key to the whole pattern, the climax, the coping-stone, the goddess'. He‘insisted on thinking of them as angels’ no matter what because they ‘belonged to the zodiac’.Leo, aware of the social difference, feels like a ‘misfit’ among ‘these smart rich people’. H e is determined to keep his class a secret even though Mrs Maudsley had ‘the ability to fix you like a pinned butterfly with her gaze’. He overlooks the authentic care of his own mother and comments that she would be ‘socially unacceptable ; she would make a bloomer’ and prepares ‘to bear the humiliation’ by himself. Leo being so young, had no knowledge of the events and situation around them. This lack of knowledge and naivety makes him lost in a sophisticated world of adults and he finds his way to destruction.Leo, with ‘the weather defying him’, after he learns from Marcus that ‘only cads wear their school clothes in the holidays'. He starts to think of clothes as badges of social status and takes an offer from Marian to ‘take him to Norwich tomorrow and get him a new outfit'. This makes more highly aware of his social inferiority as he has ‘only fifteen shillings and eight pence half penny’ as she adds ‘that doesn’t matter,’ ‘we’ve got some’. This opens way for Marian to take advantage of Leo’s malleability and he becomes ‘Mercury’ for Ted and Marian as he gets involved with the illicit love affair.Leo admits he’s a ‘super snob’ and this snobbish, naive and bigoted character failed to allow him realise the danger of his work until it’s rather too late and the harm is already done. He fails to realise what ‘spooning’ is due to his lack of knowledge he could only have the thought of ‘Ted Burgees as her spooning partner'. He gets a ‘green suit’ and a ‘green bike’ as Marian felt ‘green is his true colour ’and is called a ‘shylock’. After all these he still fails to realise he’s been mocked but rather still seeks for adventure thinking of himself as a ‘figure of fun'. The disastrous ending is caused by Leo's naivety a nd lack of knowledge.He fails to realise the trauma happening around him until it leads to the death of Ted after ‘the virgin and the water carrier’ are caught together ‘two bodies moving like one’. Unlike Leo, who Marcus his friend is nice too, Stephen suffers a worse oppression as he’s manipulated and pressured by his own friend his age Keith. Like Leo he feels like ‘a misfit everywhere’ as he comments that ‘he doesn't quite fit with the pigtailed Geest girls and the oil –stained Avery boys’, but he however still aspires to be part of the clan like Leo bus still acknowledges and accepts the fact that ‘he never will’.Unlike Leo, Stephen’s low class was known to everyone and he couldn’t even dare to keep it a secret. He was ‘the other ranks’ and unlike Leo, although he felt the class difference he was still ‘grateful to be so’. He went to a different school complete ly from Keith with uniforms ‘socially coded for ease of reference’. He lived in a ‘semi-detached' house attached to ‘the pinchers' making the whole situation ‘even more shameful'. While his friend Keith lived in a house with ‘white wicket gates' with a ‘neat red brick path that curves through rose beds'.He felt like he wasn’t even worthy of the Hayward’s as he says ‘The Hayward’s were impeccable and yet they tolerated him’ and Mrs Hayward’s ‘incomprehensible niceness’. Stephen like Leo, has the colour ‘green’ associated with them as Stephen admits ‘everything about me was plainly green'. Stephen didn’t dare to go against Keith’s orders as Keith ‘was the leader’ and he ‘was the led’. Stephen’s feeling of social inferiority to Keith allows Keith to dominate and intimidate Keith’s life as Stephen sees Keith as ‘t he first in a whole series of dominant figures whose disciple I became’.Stephen sees himself as the ‘undersized boy with the teapot ears following his powerful friend open mouthed and credulous’. Stephen is much more different from Leo as he doesn’t hide who he is and isn’t ashamed of who he is. Both boys however are associated with symbols. Stephen is associated with the ‘Privet’ as Leo is associated with ‘Mercury’. Both boys are completely unaware of sex and it’s this lack knowledge that makes Leo not realize what ‘spooning’ is and Stephen misinterprets the ‘X’s’ and ‘! ’ in Mrs Hayward’s diary. Both boys become messengers for illicit love affairs and don’t realise what they’re been used for.Being naive and snobbish like Leo, Keith fails to realize the relationship between Uncle Peter and Mrs Hayward. He doesn’t realize why a man will be in t he barns. This naivety prevents him from realising Mrs Hayward may have gone into the barns even as he says ‘there’s only one way to go and that’s left, if you go right it leads to the tracks’. He doesn’t think Mrs Hayward for one minute will go into the tracks. When they realize Mrs Hayward might have go into a house in the lanes, he says they couldn’t pursue their project ‘Germans we might be able to deal with, these people we certainly can’t’.He didn’t realise he was German and even detested the thought a German as it was during the war time and being German in Britain at that point would be a sign of betrayal and a huge deal. Both boys heavily affected by class, and sexual awakening lead them to events that affect them throughout their lives and see the need to reconcile their past with their future as Leo says ‘the facts of life were a mystery to me’. Their lack of knowledge can't be totally blamed on them but rather the times and conditions they lived in.They lived in a society where even girls could grow into women and not know where children were given birth to from or know what awaited them on their wedding night. Children were forbidden to know nor talk about Sex. They were not allowed to know a lot of things. It was like a society with an ‘adult world' and a children's one because knowledge in the society then, was a package combined with loss of innocence. Just like Stephen begins to know more and starts seeing the path ahead as ‘darker tunnels' and no longer ‘remote blue horizons'.However, this lack of knowledge leaves both boys lives in a complete shatter especially that of Leo. The Climax of the novel, leaves Leo ‘like a train going through a series of tunnels; sometimes in the dark not knowing'. He lives with himself thinking he was responsible for the death of Ted Burgees as he comments that ‘the tidings of Ted's suicide came to me vo icelessly as ‘he haunted' him. He lives thinking ‘in destroying the belladonna' he ‘had also destroyed Ted' and ‘perhaps destroyed himself'. He was left a lonely man ‘sitting alone' in a ‘drab flowerless room'.While Stefan was left with a marriage ‘that was never quite a real marriage'. With ‘worse troubles than anyone's ever had before'. He thinks he was responsible for the death of Uncle peter as he struggles to figure out where he belonged. Hartley used the social structure of his main protagonist Leo, who admits that he had ‘destroyed Ted’ as a vehicle for expressing the power of the class structure over the society's actions with Ted serving as the scape goat shooting himself after the findings of Mrs Maudsley in the outhouses to avoid the societal disgrace and spare Marian the embarrassment.Ted was oppressed by his lack of social status as Denys doesn’t fail to say ‘we don’t know him socially of c ourse’ and his lack of money as he rents his land from Lord Trimingham. Hartley makes reference to the class range in the society using the complex sub-textual elements of the interaction between the main characters especially with he relationship between Marian Maudsley and Ted Burges . Marian states that ‘Ted and I were lovers’ their ‘love was a beautiful thing’ but yet they couldn’t be together due to the distinction in their social class and her expectations to marry an aristocrat.The villagers admire them and feel ‘if it wasn’t for the difference what a handsome pair they’ll make’. Ted Burgees isn’t ashamed to tell anyone about his low class as he admits to Leo ‘I’m a kind friend of hers’ but doesn’t hesitate to say ‘but not the sort she goes about with’. However, he feels insecure about it and looks at ‘himself critically all over’ and even Leo notices that ‘the more clothes he put on, the less he looked himself’. Ted seemed to have been a comfortable man before any illicit love affair with Marian as the villagers see his change as a sudden one and ask ‘what’s come over Ted? To be shy with ladies’? This implies he was a lady’s man and was content with his farm life as he admits ‘I’m not what you call a gentle-man farmer’. Trimingham, on the other hand, was ‘a Lord’ whose clothes, unlike Ted's, ‘seem to be a part of him’. He’s an aristocrat and a gentle-man who teaches Leo ‘nothing is ever a lady’s fault’. Unlike Ted, he had ‘an ambiguous social position’ as he was penniless yet his aristocracy strengthened his social status and was seen as an ‘emblem of the golden age’.Trimingham however, despite all these odds, was oppressed by his lack of money and the defects of his face from the ‘Boe r war’. He was ‘dreadfully ugly’ and we learn from Marcus that ‘he doesn’t like you to feel sorry for him’. Hartley contrasts his hideous ‘sick shaped scar that ran from his eye to the corner of his mouth’ with the image of war making him ‘a hero with a background of the hospital and battlefield’. Trimingham is the gentle, chivalrous representative of a dying tradition, bearing the scars of an ‘impersonal’ war.A complex symbol, he is ‘two-sided, like Janus’, like the war, conflict and suffering for which in some ways he stands—entities which can be evil, the result of passion and pride and ‘the fear of losing face’, but which can also be good, the nurturer of strength, humility, self-discipline, compassion, the gaiety having the ‘background of hospital and battle-field’. Hugh is two-sided like the traditions of the British nobility, like the blind-in-one-eye c hivalry which insists that nothing can ever be a lady’s fault, like the patriotism which sends soldiers off to kill the Boer, who’s ‘not a bad feller’ but who happens to be the present target.When Leo first sees Trimingham he immediately concludes it’ll be ‘impossible to like him’ and so doesn’t expect Marian to marry him after he learns from Marcus that ‘Mama wants Marian to marry him’. His lack of money makes him still go forward to marry Marian even after ‘the virgin and the water-carrier are caught together, ‘two bodies moving like one’. Marian still becomes ‘Lady Trimingham’. He was so deeply oppressed that even Leo comments that ‘His life could never have been a good life'.He was a respectable man from a family of aristocracy, yet had no money pushing him to still marry a woman who had become a figure of shame to get himself some money. Also because of his strong belief tha t ‘nothing was ever a ladys fault' Uncle Peter on the other hand, ‘who’s very absence, was a kind of presence’ was a man with no status in the society living beyond the edges of civilisation but his presence lied in ‘the glory of Uncle Peter’ a RAF pilot meant to be flying bombing missions over Germany.War plays a role in both novels as Frayn and Hartley use Uncle Peter and Trimingham to further show the effects of war on societal men. In Uncle Peter’s case however, it led to his destruction and the end of his life. It was his major source of oppression as he now had to live in the lowest of the lowest, the Barns. Unlike Trimingham who’s still fully idolised and idealised even much more after the war, we can’t say the same about Uncle Peter.Indeed he was idolised and his iconic status still remains with Auntie Dee, as Stephen tells us the untidiness of their house ‘glowed with a kind of sacred light, like a saint and his attributes in a religious painting’. This image is a different man from the man in the barns who is now ‘that low in the table of human precedence’. This painting is nothing close to that of war hero. As the narrator unveils the mystery we find out he has betrayed his country, deserted his duties under the claim ‘you’re up there in the darkness five hundred miles away from home and suddenly the darkness is in you as well’.The man at the Barns and Uncle Peter are two different beings. One is a desperate, sick broken, deserted individual and the other whose eagle on his hat ‘spreading its gilt wings protectively’ over the children of the Close. Should Uncle Peter have tried to rejoin the society, he would have brought shame and disgrace upon his family as Uncle Peter's iconic status was what reflected on Auntie Dee as even their untidy house ‘glowed with a kind of scared light, like a saint and his attributes in a religiou s painting'. He is oppressed by the war effects and love as Trimingham and Ted.In his own case, he has married the wrong sister and at the same time gone from being a hero, to a man ‘that low in the table of human precedence’. He has nothing to offer the woman he loves like Ted who has nothing to offer Marian other than love. He has but a map with the one word ‘Forever’. He lives with images of the war fully fresh in his head saying ‘you can't think, you can't move, Everything's drowned by this great scream of terror in the darkness' as he struggles to close his mind to the memory by using second person, refusing to acknowledge them as his own experience.Like Leo is traumatised by the death of Ted, as he claims ‘the tidings of Ted’s suicide came to me voicelessly’, and ‘haunted me’, Uncle Peter lives with the trauma of the war and describes it as ‘blood-red velvet in the crown above the eagle’. He describe s his plight and says it ‘gets a bit leak, lying here and likens himself to a ‘dicky engine’. Uncle Peter deeply oppressed by the war, explains his plight to Stephen saying ‘you start playing some game, and you’re the brave one, you’re the great hero,‘But the games goes on and on, and it gets more and frightening’ and unfortunately for Uncle Peter the end result is death.His death remains ambiguous as we can’t ascertain if he killed himself like Ted, or if he was killed or perhaps had an accident. Marian Maudsley a beautiful ‘godess' from Brandham hall an upper middle classed family in late-Victorian England with her ‘hair bright with sunshine' and ‘pale rose-pink' face. She has so many social expectations from both her family and the society. Best of all she's expected to make a ‘good marriage'. It was like she was ‘the climax, the key to the whole pattern'. She was in the middle of a cross bat tle with her emotions.Torn between the man she ‘must marry' to give her and her family the aristocracy they desire and the man who she shared a ‘ beautiful thing' and believed ‘were made for each other'. Marian was tough like her mother as they were ‘like two steel threads crossing each other', but ‘her face reflected all the misery she had been going through'. She was oppressed by her social class and expectations, her Love for Ted and like her mother, she's expected to be a good hostess, moral, and keep her emotions and family under control by marrying Trimingham.However, Marian is a very deceptive character as she lies to her mother on her seeing someone in Norwich as she hurriedly said ‘Not a cat; we were hard at it all the time'. She also thinks she can marry Trimingham and carry on with her affair with Ted. Being the ‘virgin of the zodiac', associated with the ‘Attropa Belladonna'. She was a beautiful creature yet poisonous. So w as the Attropa Belladonna as leo says ‘ I knew that every part of it was poisonous, but I knew that it was beautiful'. Marian was a cruel and heartless character to an extent.She was a ‘snob' as Leo towards Trimingham on several occasions. She knew fully well there was no future for her and Ted and is fully aware she must marry Trimingham. She says to Leo ‘I cant' when Leo asks her why she cant marry Ted and admits to him that She ‘must marry' Trimingham. She's a selfish character, as Ted has scarified all he has for her, he rents his farm from Trimingham and knows he can loose it and is willing to take that risk. She however, takes no serios risk as she has her eyes set on aristocracy.She lures him into deceit which leaves the young man dead and she ends up as ‘Lady Trimingham'. She uses Leo as ‘the Go-Between' between her and Ted and still calls the young boy names like ‘shylock', she tells her brother Marcus that green is a suitable color for Leo. She takes advantage of the love Trimingham has for her as she threatens that she ‘wont marry him if Ted goes' and is willing to go as far as saying that ‘Blackmail's a game two can play at'. Marian sees Ted's suicide as weakness and tells Leo ‘Ted is as weak as water'.Marian is sometimes nice to Leo, ut however, all her niceness towards him always had a motive behind it. She takes him to Norwich so she can get the chance to see Ted, she buys him a bicycle to make the message delivery faster between her and Ted. However, it could be argued that it was all out of frustration. Her eyes showed that ‘she couldn't trust herself to speak', and had ‘a hard bed' to lay on. Marian Maudsley was ‘the climax' of the whole story. She was responsible for Ted's death and the calamity that befell Leo. She was still selfish even at old age not to admit to her faults.She continued to live in her self-deception and somehow made herself believe she was still a popular important figure in the hall telling Leo ‘People come in shoals; I almost have to turn them from the door; Everyone knows about me'. Her grandson is left to suffer the consequences of her actions. Michael Frayn uses imagery, metaphor, and irony to present Mrs. Hayward in different ways. Through these techniques, Frayn dramatically and beautifully contrasts Mrs. Hayward's calm, composed manner at the start of the novel with her serious, emotionally distraught side. Mrs.Hayward who is introduced with the six letters ‘My mother is a German Spy', a character of ‘grace and serenity' always cheerful. She's presented as an elegant and respectable character like Mrs. Maudsley and Marian who are under pressure but cant show it. She was almost a perfect being to the extent that even her chickens ‘lived irreproachably elegant lives, parading haughtily about a spacious kingdom'. However, Mrs. Hayward was oppressed by her social expectations to always keep a hi gh chin and her house in order and It becomes part of her ‘to conceal her true nature' . Also by her husband Mr.Hayward whose character is a bully inflicting pain on his wife that even ‘in the heat of summer' she still wears a ‘cravat pinned high around her neck'. It can be argued she did this to hide the bruises inflicted on her by her violent husband' Mrs. Hayward cant leave her marriage because once she got married to mr. Hayward, being in that period, all her rights , properties and even her identity ceased to exist. By law she was under the complete and total supervision of her husband. Mr. Hayward carefully watches is wife and this is why she has to send Stephen to carry a message to Uncle Peter.A woman was ‘Barred by law and custom from entering trades and professions by which they could support themselves, and restricted in the possession of property, woman had only one means of livelihood, that of marriage'. She keeps a diary with ‘X's and â₠¬Ëœ! ‘s' representing her period and sex life. We know she has a distant relationship with her husband, and seems vaguely scared of him, so who she's having sex with is untold. Later on, we see she has ‘Uncle Peter in her bosom' perhaps the ‘X's' indicated his reciprocated love. Like Marian, she cant be with the man she loves.

Food coloring Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Food coloring - Research Paper Example Food colours can either be obtained naturally or manufactured synthetically. Most colours are obtained from plant pigments. These pigments could either come from vegetable or fruits. Obtaining natural colours is sometimes costly. Chemists make identical colours improve purity. Molecules of these manufactured colours are the same molecules from the natural source. Since most natural colours cannot dissolve in water, they are processed as salts to make them soluble in water. Some of the synthetic colour examples are; blackcurrant jams made from azo dyes quinoline and xanthenes. Aramnath an example of synthetic food colour Carmine used in yoghurts is obtained from insects that produce carmanic acid. Dried insects are boiled in water to extract this acid. The structure of a carminic acid that is extracted from the cochineal insect is shown below. Other chemical formulas of commonly use food colours include; Allura red (C18H14N2Na208S2), Tartrazine (C16H9N4Na309S2) and Brilliant blue (C37H34N2Na209S3). any people relate a food colour to ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).Tartrazine is associated with hypersensitive reactions to children. Chemists turned attention to synthetic colours since natural colour were found to be having traces of mercury toxics. According to America’s research, synthetic food colours have adversely been found to be affecting small children behaviour. Food colours that are deemed synthetic are sometimes mixtures of chemicals from laboratories and combinations of other petro chemicals.

The Current Economic Crisis in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Current Economic Crisis in Australia - Essay Example Banks may be unable to reconstruct for the huge losses which have rooted or incurred by borrowers, default on interest as well as principle repayments. Another impact if investors and banks will not be able to make for the losses would be the increase credit card rates as well as other bank charges to make consumers compensate for the irresponsibility of the financial institutions and other banks. ABC News (2009) reported that, the economic meltdown will result to political instability. The impact of rigorously declined economic activity will spectacularly impact on Australia due to the fact that, narrow economic base, latent as it does on mining as well as agriculture, the former reliant on sales to China while the latter on the wheat sales, wool and meat. The Australian Business (2009) reported that, National Australia Bank warned regarding bad debts which were on the rise; the global economic catastrophe was hurting all its businesses. The economic crisis that Australia is now suffering may be the outcome of the credit expansion. This present crisis is the unavoidable development to a boom that necessarily follows each boom spawned by the effort to decline the "natural rate of interest" by escalating the fiduciary media. The unprofitability of numerous branches of production as well as the unemployment of a substantial portion of the workers can apparently not be owed to the deceleration in business single-handedly. Both the unprofitability and the being without a job are quite intensified by the general depression. Nonetheless, the populations are confronted with a new problem which is not yet fully answered by principles of cyclical changes alone (Ludwig Von Misses Institute,... This essay highlights the key reasons for the current economic crisis in Australia and discusses the likely effects to the country. The road to crisis in today’s economic crisis can be linked to the drastic privatization in Australia, to name some include: airports, port facilities, railways power, water, telecommunications. The economic crisis may also be the outcome of the credit expansion. This present crisis is the unavoidable development to a boom that necessarily follows each boom spawned by the effort to decline the â€Å"natural rate of interest† by escalating the fiduciary media. The unprofitability of numerous branches of production as well as the unemployment of a substantial portion of the workers can apparently not be owed to the deceleration in business single-handedly. Both the unprofitability and the being without a job are quite intensified by the general depression. The populations are confronted with a problem which is not yet answered by principles of cyclical changes alone The severity of the growth turn down will depend upon what happens to China. The Australian federal government has been alleged of being a government in no power to control the big banks as well as corporations. The huge institutions have apprehensive words of the Federal Treasurer. It seems that the banks are no longer ready to be restrained by the Reserve Bank or federal government . Australian federal government should restore some control over the economic direction since it is more essential than any further privatization.

Assignment #1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

#1 - Assignment Example His work can be used by the central banks to curb inflationary expectations appropriately. 2005: Robert J. Aumann and Thomas C. Schelling: They received the award for their research of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis. Schelling applied the concepts of game-theory to international relations. Prof. Aumann’s work focused on the issue of effect of continued repetition of games on co-operation. 2004: Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott: They received the Noble prize for their research on effects of business cycles on international trade. They examined the driving forces behind business cycles, and analyzed the temporal consistency of economic policy 1998: Amartya Sen: Prof. Amartya Sen received the Noble prize for his work on welfare economics in case of famine, and suggestions to prevent it. His work focused on the human development theory, the underlying mechanism of poverty, and political liberalism. The Oxford English dictionary defines theory as â€Å"an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain something† (â€Å"Theory†). Formulation of a theory is a step-by-step scientific process, starting from an opinion to stating the final theory. The starting point of a theory is an observation of a particular process. The interest created by this observation then leads to the formulation of an opinion regarding the process. This opinion is based on the available information regarding the same process, and the researcher’s beliefs. These opinions are also a reflection of the researcher’s expectations regarding the outcome of the enquiry. These opinion and observation then lead to the formulation of hypotheses. Hypothesis is a possible theoretical explanation of the observation made by a researcher to fill the gaps in the research previously done on the subject matter. This is followed by collection and classification of the data. Data collection is followed by the formulation of invariance